Montana,Bears,Prepare,For,Long education Montana Bears Prepare For A Long Winter Sleep

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There is fresh snow on the high mountain ridges, a bone chillingwind from the west rattles the tamarack, scattering golden needlesacross the forest floor. Tendrils of silver fog accent the hush thatlies over the valley floor; winter is fast approaching and all ofnature prepares.Much of the wildlife that inhabits these north woods is gettingready for hibernation. Many mammals have the ability to sleep throughthe cold, gray days ahead. Chipmunks, skunks and squirrels as well asraccoons, rodents and bats simply bed down and hardly stir until theyarise again in the spring. As true hibernators, their body temperaturesdrop to near ambient and heart rates slow dramatically as theyexperience a deep comatose sleep state of torpidity. However, theseanimals will periodically rouse themselves from their deep slumber toeat stored food, quench their thirst and to urinate or defecate.Rodents sleep very deeply while others slumber more lightly.Bears are a bit different. Both black bears and grizzly bears gointo a physiological state often called hibernation or winter sleep,yet it is not true hibernation but rather a winter dormancy. During abear’s winter sleep their heart rate decreases only slightly and bodytemperature drops only a few degrees from normal. Usually the bear willnot awaken during this extended deep sleep and therefore they do notdrink, eat, exercise or defecate and will remain in their den for theentire winter. Hibernating bears are quite an amazing biologicalwonder. Although they are completely inactive all winter, they do notsuffer muscle atrophy or bone loss as a human would. Bears' bonescontinue to grow during their winter sleep and their reserve of fatmeets all their nutritional needs.Left undisturbed, bears will sleep all winter long, sometimeswithout even changing position once they are comfortably settled in.Although deeply asleep, bears are easily aroused and can, if necessary,respond and be active very quickly. Like humans, a disturbed bear canbe a very grumpy bear.Females give birth to their cubs during their winter sleep andtogether they snuggle until spring. Scientist tell us that bears do notenter into deep hibernation because they require a higher bodytemperature to meet the demands of pregnancy, birth and nursing theiryoung. Actual births are rarely observed in the wild; however, it isbelieved that bear cubs are born between early December and lateJanuary or early February. Pregnant females are the first to retire totheir dens, followed by mothers and their cubs. Last to settle down arethe big males. Female bears have been known to hibernate from the endof September until May and even early June.In Montana, most bears enjoy their winter sleep for as many as fiveto six months or more, usually entering the den in the latter part ofNovember and not awakening until mid April. The length of hibernationdepends on location, climate and the sex, age and reproductive statusof the individual bear. While temperature and the amount of daylighthours are important motivators in dictating when bears hibernate, themost important factor is whether bears have eaten sufficient amounts tokeep them going throughout their long rest, A malnourished bear with aninadequate reserve of fat may not hibernate or will do so only for ashort time.The main reason bears hibernate is based on their diet. Fish,berries, insects and vegetation are unavailable under the deep wintersnows. Nature provides the bear with an insatiable appetite duringtimes of plenty, enabling the bear to consume large quantities of foodto store as fat for the coming winter sleep. Scientific researchindicates that the main purpose of hibernation in bears is to reducethe number of calories burned when food is scarce rather than aresponse to the frigid temperature. Despite the intense cold thatsurrounds them, bears burn less than half as many calories during theirwinter sleep as they do when active in the summer months and do justfine living off their fat reserves.Soon snow will blanket the high country and the bears will sleep,awaiting spring. Native American tribal legends tell of bears suckingtheir paws in the den to sustain themselves during the winter. WilliamWood (New England's Prospect, 1634) reported, "In the winter, [bears]take themselves to the clefts of rocks...to shelter them from the cold;and food being scant in those cold and hard times, they live only bysleeping and sucking their paws, which kept them as fat as they are inSummer".Bears in northern latitudes shed their foot pads during late winterand may sometimes lick their feet and devour portions of the shed pads.The re-grown pads are often very tender and a bear's feet may crack andbleed when the animal first leaves the den.Bears are not choosy and will use many materials or sites to createa winter den. They will often choose caves, brush piles or hollow treesas well as rock piles and on occasion, human structures. Some bearsseek a little extra comfort and will often line the den with twigs,grasses, moss or other available vegetation.In NW Montana, Ursus americanus or black bear and Ursus arctos, thegrizzly bear, are considered sympatric species in that they occupyroughly the same territory but do not interbreed. In a comprehensivestudy of grizzly bears conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, it wasdetermined that approximately 765 grizzly bears live in NorthwesternMontana, nearly two-and-a-half times more bears than previouslythought. It is also estimated that black bears number in the tens ofthousands in this neck of the woods. Hunters harvest an average of1,200 black bears statewide every year, and more than half of them comefrom Northwest Montana.Any encounter with a bear is a potential danger; however, bears areparticularly aggressive prior to hibernation. The U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, in its publication “Close Encounters with Grizzlies”,advises the following when encountering bears in the wild:“Bears are naturally shy and typically avoid humans. Encountersusually occur because the bear has been attracted by food, garbage, orother odors; or has been surprised by a hiker. The most common causesof an attack are a person surprising a bear at close range, approachinga female with cubs, or getting close to a carcass or other food source.It is best to educate yourself about bears and learn to avoidencounters: don’t take actions that attract bears; know signs of bearsand steer clear of them; and know how to properly alert bears to yourpresence. But if you do inadvertently encounter a bear, here are sometips for ensuring the safety of both yourself and the bear.If you see a bearYou should always maintain a safe distance and behave in anon-threatening manner. Most human encounters with bears do not resultin physical attacks. In fact, injuries are seldom caused by bears; itis more common that a bear is unnecessarily injured by a fearful human.Most bears will try hard to avoid people.If you surprise a bear at close rangeDrop a non-food item (like a hat or bandana) on the ground in front ofyou and slowly back away, speak in a soft monotone, and avoid eyecontact. The bear may stand on its hind legs to get a better view, orhuff and growl as a threat display. In most cases, the bear will thenleave.If you encounter a sow with cubsA female protecting her cubs is the most dangerous of all bears. Try tocreate as much distance between you and the bears. Do not turn yourback, but slowly leave the area immediately if you can.Never run from a bearA bear can run 50 yards in 3 seconds, or up to 40 mph, faster than arace horse for short distances, and faster than any human, uphill ordownhill. Running away will only encourage the bear to chase you.If the bear chargesYour first option is to remain standing. Charging bears often veeraway, run past you, or stop abruptly at the last second. This is calleda bluff charge, and means the bear is warning you to leave the area.If you have bear sprayCarrying pepper spray and knowing how to use it properly is the bestdeterrent against a bear attack, and can lessen the duration orseriousness of an attack that occurs. Professional wildlife biologistswho work in the field depend on bear spray and trust it as an effectivetool to prevent injury to both people and bears.If you have a firearmWounding a bear, even with a large caliber gun, can put you in fargreater danger. Most mortally wounded bears live long enough to inflictserious injury upon their attacker. Correct use of pepper spray hasproven to be more effective than use of a firearm in deterring anattack and preventing serious injury.If the bear makes physical contactDrop to the ground, lie face down, and assume a cannonball position.Leave your pack on, cover your neck and head with your arms and hands,and curl up to protect your stomach. Play dead.If a bear attacks you at night in your tentIt is very rare for a bear to become predatory, or to attack a personin a tent. If this occurs, the bear is probably seeking food, ratherthan trying to neutralize a threat; in this case, FIGHT BACK to showthe bear you are dangerous and that an easy meal cannot be found there.Report all encountersIf you do encounter a bear, report it as soon as possible to localauthorities, or the nearest forest, park, or game and fish departmentoffice. Your report may help prevent someone else from being hurt."