Smartphone,ubiquitous,input,de technology Smartphone: A ubiquitous input device for positioning tasks

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‘Smartphone:_Aubiquitous input device for positioningtasks in a variety of ways’The positioncould refer to screen position, or physical position in the real world. The smartphonehas been used for positioning tasks in a variety of ways: such as·        Continuousindirect translation with a trackpad. Remote Commander enables individuals touse the touch screen on a PDA as a trackpad to control the relative position ofa cursor on a remote display.·        Continuousindirect translation with velocity-controlled joystick. A return-to-zerojoystick controls the velocity of a continuously repositioned object. Zerodisplacement of the joystick corresponds to zero velocity. Silfverberg et al.  has done an in-depth study of isometricjoysticks on handheld devices to control the cursor on a public display. Manyof today’s mobile phones are shipping with binary resolution, 4 to 8 direction,return-to-zero joysticks.·        Continuousindirect translation with accelerometers. Accelerometers are beginning toemerge in handheld devices such as Samsung’s SCH-S310 mobile phone with anintegrated 3-D accelerometer. Rock ’n’ Scroll allows users to scroll (e.g.through an electronic photo album) by tilting the handheld device. Althoughthis technique was used to interact with an application directly on the device,it could clearly be extended to positioning tasks in ubiquitous computingenvironments.·        Continuousindirect translation with directional step keys. The location of an object iscontrolled by using up, down, left, right step keys for 2-D applications, plusin and out for 3-D. In the Blinkenlights project, users played the arcadeclassic Pong using the side of a building as a large public display. Eachwindow equalled one pixel on the 18x8 pixel display. Players connected to thedisplay by making a standard call to a phone number. Pressing the number 5 onthe phone keypad moves the paddle up, and the number 8 moves it down.·        Continuousdirect translation with camera tracking. Madhavapeddy et al. presentscamera-based interactions involving tagging interactive GUI elements such assliders and dials. In manipulating the position and orientation of the phonecamera, the user can position a graphical slider, or orient a graphical dial.An analogy can be drawn to the classic light pen with a tracking cross. As thelight pen moves to a new position, the cross follows the motions of the pen.Tracking may be lost if the pen is moved to fast, but can be easily resumed byrepositioning the pen back to the tracking cross. Madhavapeddy et al.’sinteractions rely on the tagged GUI widget instead of a cross for tracking.In Madhavapeddy et al.’s positioningtechnique the phone is responsible for tracking, and the environment isresponsible for displaying and refreshing the tracked images. Otherinteractions have been created with these roles swapped. For example, smartphones have been augmented with laser pointers, as in, making them suitable forpositioning tasks described by Olsen et al. that use a camera in theenvironment to track the laser.·        Continuousindirect translation with camera tracking. The C-Blink system allows users toposition a cursor on a large display using a mobile phone with a colored screen.The user runs a program on the phone that rapidly changes the hue of the phonescreen and waves the phone in front of a camera mounted above the large display.The displayed hue sequence encodes an ID to support multiple users. The cameratracks the absolute position of this signal in the camera image to control thecursor on the display.·        Discretedirect translation using a camera image. The locus of attention is on the phonescreen. You aim using a cross hair displayed over a live camera image on themobile phone. To reposition the cursor, you press and release the joystickbutton while aiming at the desired position with the cross hair. This triggersa grid of tags to shortly superimpose over the large display contents for thecamera. The grid is used to derive a perspective independent coordinate system todetermine the selected point with pixel-level accuracy, which is enabled by thespecial properties of the Visual Code tags. An analogy can be drawn to theclassic light pen with position discretely determined by displaying a raster scanwhen the user clicks a button on the light pen. When the raster scan is sensed by thepen, the position of the pen is known because of a tight coupling between thepen clock and display clock. In Point & Shoot, a visual tag grid replacesthe functionality of the raster scan. This technique is robust to differentdisplay technologies and loose coupling between camera and display. Point &Shoot needs only one visual tag entirely in the camera view to establish a coordinatesystem, but a grid is used to increase the probability of satisfying thisrequirement.·         Continuous indirect translation withcamera optical flow. The Sweep interaction technique uses optical-flow imageprocessing, which involves rapidly sampling successive images from a camera phoneand sequentially comparing them to determine relative motion in the (x,y, Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}) dimensions. No visual tags arerequired. The camera doesn’t even need to be pointed at the display. To invoke theSweep function, you rotate the joystick button downward, which acts as a clutchto indicate to the system that you are actively controlling the cursor.Pressing the joystick button inwardindicates selection or dragging. The phone is waved in the air to control thecursor. You can release the clutch button to reposition your arm, which issimilar to the way a mouse can be lifted to be repositioned on the desktopsurface. In the Sweep mode, you can ignore the screen on the phone and focusyour attention on the large display to observe cursor movement.