The,History,Laws,The,history,l law The History of Laws
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The history of laws that governcivilization is probably even more ancient than civilization itself.It is impossible to know this for sure for various reasons. The firstis that the earliest laws in most places were almost certainly basedon the concept of common law, which is a major part of the modernBritish and American legal systems. Common law works by givingprecedence to decisions made by judges. In the case of earlyhumankind, these judges would be the chiefs of tribes, who eventuallyevolved into the ruling classes in major civilizations likeSumeria until finally the modern judge was created. The earliest law code known waswritten almost exactly four thousand years ago in ancient Sumeria.For some reason it took over a thousand years from the birth ofwriting until this relatively primitive legal code finally developed.This is probably because the legal systems of the civilization thatemployed Sumerian cuneiform used common law and did not need awritten system. Eventually, civilizations became large enough thatthe history of the laws of Sumeria needed to take a leap forward andkings began to write down their legal codices in ever increasingsize. The most famous of these is the Code of Hammurabi, which existstoday in complete form in the Louvre in Paris. This massivefinger-shaped stele is considered the earliest form of constitution.The legal system was still common law because all of the differentstatues were simply decisions that judges had made over the years,but this attempt to solidify the legal system of Hammurabi's nativeBabylon would become incredibly influential in the ancient world. The ancient Greeks took another stepforward in the history of laws by essentially inventing the modernform of the constitution. The statesman known as Solon is describedby various Greek philosophers as having done so in Athens in the 6thcentury BCE. Unfortunately, none of his laws remain, so we are forcedto trust the writings of people like Plutarch and Herodotus to figureout what he wrote. Essentially, Solon's legal reforms came at a timewhen Athens was undergoing a great dispute in its common law system.The poor were sick of paying incredibly high taxes to the richparasites while simultaneously paying outrageous interest rates fordebts incurred and the possibility of slavery if debts were notrepaid. Solon's solution was to abolish all debt, but he also enactedreforms that the rich would hopefully accept so as to attempt to makeeveryone happy. Unfortunately, like all compromises, what wasdesigned to be accepted by all ended up accepted by none. Eventually,people realized Solon's brilliance and selflessness and learned toembrace the Athenian constitution, which is still revered to thisday.The final major step in the evolutionof the history of laws was the development of the Roman civil code in535 C.E. by Justinian, emperor of Byzantium (otherwise known as theEastern Roman Empire). This law was a more solidified legalconstitution that held jurisdiction over all masters of public life.For this reason it is considered the basis of Civil Law to this day.This law held itself as higher than any human being that was ruled byit, whether they be slave, free person, aristocrat, or emperor. The law codes of the world continue todevelop, though they are for the most part based on either common orcivil law. China is one of the few countries in the world that hasnever adopted a British-style common law system or a Roman-stylecivil law system. This is because its law system is even older thanRome's and has always worked well without need of major adaptation.That said, it is likely that the history of laws will change forChina, as well of the rest of the world.
The,History,Laws,The,history,l