How,reverse,osmosis,membranes, health How do reverse osmosis membranes work and what affects quali
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Osmosis is the flow from a high concentration of water to a lowconcentration of water. To help understand the flow of water imagine asealed filled water balloon with a hole in it what happens to thewater inside? The water quickly leaves balloon because of theconcentration of water inside the balloon is higher than outside whichmakes the water wants to equalize the concentration of water.Reverse osmosis is quite the opposite. The flow of water is from a lowconcentration to a high concentration. Imagine an empty balloon ifyoure filling the water balloon with a hose then you are using thewater pressure and forcing water against its natural equalizationtendencies.A reverse osmosis (ro) membrane is simply a thin semi-permeable layerthat separates two solutions. A ro membrane is a type of physicalseparation that is capable of separating molecules down to 1/10,000micron. Since the size of the pores on the membrane is so small, itrequires pressure to force water through. Most molecules are too largeto pass through a reverse osmosis membrane but small enough for somesalts, sugars and water molecules to pass through. Rejection rates ofro membranes average around 96-98% under ideal conditions (250 ppmsoftened tapwater, 77°F (25°C), 50 psig (3.4 bar), and 15% recovery).TDS levels, temperature, pressure and recovery rates are all thingsthat affect the product water quality of reverse osmosis membrane. Effect of PressureFeed water pressure affects both the product water production and therejection rates of RO membranes. The increase of feed water pressuredirectly increases the water production. Rejection rates also increase when pressure is increased but will plateau. Effect of TemperatureTemperature has a direct linear effect to production rates. Astemperature increase, water production increases almost linearlybecause of the higher diffusion rates of water through the membrane.Rejection rates are actually lowered when temperature rises. This isdue to a higher diffusion rate of salt across the membrane.Effect of Salt Concentration or TDSTDS inversely affects the pressure required for reverse osmosis whichin turn affects the production rates. If feed water was constant andTDS increases then the production rate decreases because of the osmoticpressure difference.Osmotic pressure is the pressure and potential energy required to forcewater to move against its natural direction across a semi-permeablemembrane. Every 100 ppm (parts per million) in TDS equals 1 psi(pounds per square inch). The higher the TDS, the more pressurerequired to force through the membrane.Effect of Recovery RatesRecovery rate refers to the amount of product water being producedwhich is controlled by the flow restriction on the waste line. Most reverse osmosis systemsare sized with a sized flow restrictor will have a product to wasteratio of 1 to 4 which is a recovery rate of 25% this is madepurposefully as a sales point to produce more product water but lowerthe rejection rate. For example, the proper size for a 50 GPD membraneis a 15% recovery rate or a 1 to 6.7 ratio. Lowering the recoveryrates will increase the rejection rate and improve the quality ofwater. Raising the recovery rates will cause the quality of theproduct water to decrease and will affect the required driving pressureneeded for reverse osmosis to take effect.
How,reverse,osmosis,membranes,