Anesthetic,Vaporiser,and,its,t health Anesthetic Vaporiser and its types
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Historically ether which was the first volatile agent was first used by john snows inhaler in the year 1847 but later it was suppressed by the use of chloroform in the year 1848.then slowly ether made a revival during the period from 1862 to 1872 with a routine use via curt schimmelbuschs mask, which was actually an narcosis mask used for dripping liquid ether. Now it has become obsolete, it was generally a mask constructed of wire and further covered with cloth.Demand and pressure from dental surgeons for a more reliable method of administrating ether helped in modernizing its delivery. Ether inhaler with a water jacket was invented by clover in the year 1877, and by the year 1899 many alternatives to ether come into force, due to introduction of spinal anesthesia. Which subsequently lead to decline of ether use by the year 1956 due to introduction of halothane, cyclopropane and trichloroethylen? And by the early 1980s considerable evolution of anesthetic vaporiser takes place along with certain modifications which further leads to some additional safety features such as bimetallic strip, anti-spill measures, temperature compensation and temperature adjusting splitting ratio. Generally there are 2 types of modern vaporisers: --plenum--drawoverBoth having their own advantages and disadvantages. A third type of vaporiser is also there which is used exclusively for agent desflurane.Plenum vaporiser is generally mounted on a machine and is driven by positive pressure applied by anesthetic machine. Whether a patient is breathing spontaneously or mechanically ventilated, it doesnt make any change in the performance of the vaporiser. Although the internal resistance of the vaporiser is generally high, but since the supply pressure is constant, we can accurately calibrate the vaporiser to deliver concentration of volatile anesthetic vapour over a vast range of fresh gas flows. A plenum vaporiser works without external power, continuous, reliably and requires very little maintenance jobs.Plenum vaporiser accurately splits the incoming gas into two streams, and among these two streams, one of the streams is passed straight to the vaporiser in the bypass channel and the other one is diverted into the vaporising chamber. Gas present in the vaporising chamber becomes completely saturated with volatile anesthetic vapour. This gas evolved is mixed well with gas in the vaporiser before leaving vaporiser. Isoflurane, volatile agent has a vapour pressure of about 32 kpa; this means that the gas mixture on leaving the vaporising chamber has partial pressure of insoflurane which is of about 32 kpa. But however output of vaporiser is generally set at 1-2% which means only a small ratio of fresh gas needs to be diverted through the chamber. This ratio is known as splitting ratio. If plenum vaporiser is connected in reverse, large volume of gas will enter into the chamber and hence potentially toxic concentration of vapor may be delivered, thats why we can state that plenum vaporiser can work only one way. Its performance depends generally on vapor pressure of the volatile agent. Drawover vaporisers are generally driven by the negative pressure applied by the patient. And hence it must have low resistance to flow of gas. Minute volume of patient is the base for evaluating the performance of the drawover vaporisers, with increasing minute ventilation, its output drops. Its design is much simpler as compared to the plenum vaporiser. Its design consists of a simple glass reservoir mounted inside the breathing attachment. It can be used with any liquid volatile agent. Accurate calibration is impossible, since the performance of the vaporiser is not stable. However there are many designs that use lever to adjust the amount of gas to be released into the vaporising chamber. It can be mounted either way round, and can also be used in circuits where re-breathing occurs. They dont have any typical temperature compensating feature.The drawover vaporiser is cheap and easy to use. And due to its portable design it can be used in veterinary anesthesia
Anesthetic,Vaporiser,and,its,t