What,Delirium,and,How,Treatmen health What is Delirium and How is Treatment for Delirium?
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Causes include: Drug abuse Infections such as urinary tract infections or pneumonia (in people who already have brain damage from stroke or dementia) Poisons Fluid/electrolyte or acid/base disturbancesPatients with more severe brain injuries are more likely to get delirium from another illness.SymptomsDelirium involves a rapid alternation between mental states (for example, from lethargy to agitation and back to lethargy), with attention disruption, disorganized thinking, disorientation, changes in sensation and perception, and other symptoms. Attention disturbance o Inability to maintain goal directed, purposeful thinking or behavior o Inability to concentrate Disorganized thinking, evidenced by o Incoherent speech o Inability to stop speech patterns or behaviors Disorientation to time or place Changes in sensation and perception (increases the disorientation) o May precipitate illusions or hallucinations Altered level of consciousness or awareness Altered sleep patterns, drowsiness Alertness may vary, usually more alert in the morning, less alert at night (see drowsiness) Decrease in short-term memory and recall o Unable to recall events since onset of delirium (anterograde amnesia) o Unable to recall past events (retrograde amnesia) Changes in motor activities, movement (for example, may be lethargic or slow moving) Movements triggered by changes in the nervous system (psychomotor restlessness) Emotional or personality changes o Anxietyo Anger o Apathyo Depressiono Euphoria o IrritabilityTreatment for delirium?Treatment of delirium begins with recognizing and treating the underlying cause. Delirium itself is managed by reducing disturbing stimuli, or providing soothing ones; use of simple, clear language in communication; and reassurance, especially from family members. Physical restraints may be needed if the patient is a danger to himself or others, or if he insists on removing necessary medical equipment such as intravenous lines or monitors. Sedatives or antipsychotic drugs may be used to reduce anxiety, hallucinations, and delusions. During the search for an underlying medical condition, symptomatic treatment for delirium may include the use of antipsychotic drugs to control agitation and hallucinations, and to clear the sensorium. Drugs that sedate (calm) the patient may also be used, especially if the patient is near death. All of these drugs have side effects and the patient will be monitored closely by a doctor. The decision to use drugs that sedate the patient will be made in cooperation with family members after efforts have been made to reverse the delirium.The standard approach to managing delirium is to find and treat the causes. Symptoms may be treated at the same time. Identifying the causes of delirium will include a physical examination to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease. A medical history of the patient's past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. In a terminally ill, delirious patient being cared for at home, the doctor may do a limited assessment to determine the cause or may treat just the symptoms.
What,Delirium,and,How,Treatmen