Getting,Started,with,Linux,Uti computer Getting Started with Linux Utilities
----------------------------------------------------------Permission is granted for the below article to forward,reprint, distribute, use for ezine, newsletter, website,offer as free bonus or part of a product for sale as longas no changes a Gone are those times when the companies and the organisations didn't need a hi-tech system to handle them. Owing to the considerable increase in the business sector and thus, an enormous increase in the complexity of the organisational struc
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:#0400;mso-fareast-language:#0400;mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Essential Tools Processes can be run in the background while the useris working on other tasks, and all of these can be tracked through use of thecommand line. Typing "ps" (for processes) lists every process that iscurrently running on the system. The resulting list also links each process toeach user that is running it. The UN D^Linux system also assigns a uniqueidentification number to each process, which is one of the foundations ofmodern database administration. Basic commands such as "ps" and"who" get increasingly specific as the user needs to list more detailedinformation. More specific instructions are tagged onto these types of commandswith a minus sign, and these instructions are referred to as arguments, whichties into programming logic. The basic utilities that are entered into theshell with a minus sign and argument are interpreted as options to be executed,provided the arguments have been entered correctly. An important UNIX/Linuxconcept to remember is that any words or abbreviations on the command line thatare not interpreted as utilities are automatically interpreted as arguments. Combinations ofCommands Once the user feels comfortable entering a utilityfollowed by a single argument, it is time to bring data together using commandcombinations that get a little more complex Multiple files can be created witha utility called the "cat" utility. An example would be entering"cat filei file2" The "cat utility interprets each of thesearguments as a separate file to be created and saved. The results are two newfiles that are concatenated, or spliced together because no redirectioninstructions have been specified. Another very commonly-used Linux character is theoutput redirection symbol, which is the > symbol on the keyboard. Thissymbol tells the Linux shell to redirect the output of any given utility to acertain file; an example would look like this: cat file3 >folden. The filenamed folden contains the contents of file3. This can be done with any givennumber of files entered to the left of the output redirection symbol. When working with large files that contain many linesof content, it is useful to have a command that will locate a specific stringof text quickly without the user having to search manually for it. The"grep" utility serves this purpose. This command is entered as such:grep have folden. Any lines containing the word "have" in the file named folden will be displayed. Thiscombination of commands follows the basic premise of a search engine for anyuser-created files.
Getting,Started,with,Linux,Uti