Rare,Earth,Elements,Geological business, insurance Rare Earth Elements: Geological Distribution
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These are abundant in the earth (except Promethium). Like copper,Cerium is the 25th most ample (68 parts per million) element. These reservesare scattered, rather than found in clusters and the marketable varieties arecalled rare earth minerals. Their name came about due to the scarceness ofthese minerals. Gadolinite was the first compound discovered in Sweden byArrhenius, a university professor.In 1803, another rare earth element Ceria was discovered. Soonit was revealed that the substance consisted of other elements within it.In 1839, the elements were separated from the compound and by1842; four more elements had been discovered. Now, four earth elements wereknown to exist- Yttrium, Cerium, Lanthanum, Didymium, Erbium and Terbium. Soona new mineral was discovered, with more elements within it.The constituent elements were found by X-ray crystallography. 25rare earth elements were presumed to exist with an undiscovered chemicalelement present in them. Shortly, the ion exchange method was developed andextraction of these metals became more efficient.The 17 rare earth elements include:-Scandium-Yttrium-Lanthanum-Cerium-Praseodymium-Neodymium-Promethium-Samarium-Europium-Gadolinium-Terbium-Dysprosium-Holmium-Erbium-Thulium-Ytterbium-LutetiumThey are either named after the discovering scientist or thelocation where they have first been found.Cerium is usually found with Monazite and is found in largequantities. Yttrium is found with phosphates and is relatively rarer. It ismainly found in Southern China. Gadolinite and Xenotime, among others, arecommon minerals which contain Yttrium. Major ores of Cerium include Bastnaesite(California, China) and Loparite (Russia). Deposits of earth minerals are knownto be present on the seafloor as well.Most rare earth elements were produced in India and Brazil, beforedeposits were found in Africa and California. Currently China is the leadingproducer. Due to increased demand for the minerals and chance of reserves beingexhausting, China has decreased export. Other countries are working to helpmeet the needs of the population. Recycling of metals is being looked into asprices mount.Extracting, recycling metal, disposing of toxic waste and theacids used in refining can be extremely dangerous and may cause diseases likeleukemia (in Malaysia). Countries do take time off from extraction so as toprevent these side effects (e.g. China). Birth defects have also occurred dueto the fact that the ores may be radioactive.China, whose rare earth industry has accelerated in the pastdecades, recently became part of this industry since it has better valuableitems in comparison to others. Due to domestic need, China will slow downexport to 130-140,000 metric tons instead of 129,000 metric tons in 2009 (totalused 132,000).Rare earth metals are sold in private markets and thus, it is hardto monitor their prices. However, people now take the purity of the metal theyneed in order to price them.
Rare,Earth,Elements,Geological