Applications,Switching,Regulat business, insurance Applications of Switching Regulators
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Applications of Switching RegulatorsVirtuallyall of today's electronic systems require some form of powerconversion.Thetrend toward lower power, portable equipment has driven thetechnology andtherequirement for converting power efficiently. Switchmode powerconverters,oftenreferred to simply as "switchers", offer a versatile way ofachieving this goal.Switchingregulators are small, flexible, and allow either step-up (boost)orstep-down (buck) operation.Whenswitcher functions are integrated and include a switch which is partof thebasicpower converter topology, these ICs are called switchingregulators. When noswitchesare included in the IC, but the signal for driving an external switchisprovided,it is called a switching regulator controller. Sometimes -usually forhigherpower levels - the control is not entirely integrated, but otherfunctions toenhancethe flexibility of the IC are included instead. It is important toknow what you aregetting in your controller, and to know if yourswitching regulator is really aregulator or is it just the controllerfunction.Theprimary limitations of switching regulators as compared to linearregulators aretheiroutput noise, EMI/RFI emissions, and the proper selection of externalsupportcomponents.Although switching regulators do not necessarily requiretransformers,theydo use inductors.Oneunique advantage of switching regulators lies in their ability toconvert a givensupplyvoltage with a known voltage range to virtually any given desiredoutputvoltage,with no first order limitations on efficiency. This is trueregardless ofwhetherthe output voltage is higher or lower than the input voltage - thesame ortheopposite polarity. Switchersalso offer the advantage that, since they inherently require amagneticelement,it is often a simple matter to tap an extra winding onto thatelement and,oftenwith just a diode and capacitor, generate a reasonably well regulatedadditionaloutput. If more outputs are needed, more such taps can be used. Sincethetapwinding requires no electrical connection, it can be isolated fromother circuitry,ormade to float atop other voltages.Thoughswitchers can be designed to accommodate a range of input/outputconditions,it is generally more costly in non-isolated systems to accommodate arequirementfor both voltage step-up and step-down. So generally it is preferabletolimitthe input/output ranges such that one or the other case can exist,but not both,andthen a simpler converter design can be chosen.Theconcerns of minimizing power dissipation and noise as well as thedesigncomplexityand power converter versatility set forth the limitations andchallengesfordesigning switchers, whether with regulators or controllers.Theideal switching regulator performs a voltage conversion andinput/output energy transfer without loss of power by the use ofpurely reactive components. Although an actual switching regulatordoes have internal losses, efficiencies can be quite high, generallygreater than 80 to 90%. Conservation of energy applies, so the inputpower equals the output power. This says that in stepdown (buck)designs, the input current is lower than the output current. On theother hand, in step-up (boost) designs, the input current is greaterthan the output current. Input currents can therefore be quite highin boost applications, and this should be kept in mind, especiallywhen generating high output voltages from batteries.Engineering Services
Applications,Switching,Regulat